Packet loss, latency, and jitter can all make a network feel “slow,” but they are different conditions. Latency is delay. Packet loss is traffic that […]
Networking
Amazon AWS SAA-C03: Which AWS Load Balancer Should You Use?
AWS offers several Elastic Load Balancing options because the traffic decision itself can happen at different layers. An architect choosing between Application Load Balancer (ALB), […]
Amazon AWS SAA-C03: Route 53 Routing Policies
Amazon Route 53 routing policies determine how authoritative DNS answers are selected when multiple records or endpoints could satisfy a query. They do not turn […]
Amazon AWS SOA-C03: VPC Flow Logs, Reachability Analyzer, and Network Monitoring
AWS network troubleshooting is easier when the question is classified before a tool is opened. VPC Flow Logs provide metadata about observed IP flows. Reachability […]
Microsoft AZ-104: Troubleshooting Azure Networks with Network Watcher
Azure networking problems are easier to diagnose when monitoring and troubleshooting tools are used for the jobs they were designed to perform. Azure Monitor collects […]
Microsoft AZ-700: Azure Virtual WAN, VNet Peering, and Route Server
Azure Virtual WAN, VNet peering, and Azure Route Server all influence connectivity between networks, but they operate at different architectural layers. VNet peering directly connects […]
Microsoft AZ-700: Which Azure Load Balancer Should You Use?
Azure offers several traffic-distribution services, and the term “load balancer” can hide important differences. Azure Load Balancer, Application Gateway, Azure Front Door, and Traffic Manager […]
Cisco 200-201: X.509 Certificates and TLS Key Exchange
TLS investigations become confusing when certificates, cipher suites, encryption algorithms, signatures, and key exchange are treated as one thing. They are related parts of a […]
Cisco 350-401: SD-Access Underlay and Overlay
Cisco SD-Access separates the network into two related systems: an IP underlay that provides basic reachability between fabric devices, and an overlay that carries endpoint […]
Cisco 350-401: Using Catalyst Center Assurance for Troubleshooting
Cisco Catalyst Center Assurance turns telemetry from the network into health scores, issues, events, and troubleshooting workflows. The value is not that it creates one […]
Cisco 350-401: EEM Applets for Local Network Automation
Cisco Embedded Event Manager, or EEM, gives an IOS XE device the ability to react locally when a defined event occurs. Instead of waiting for […]
Cisco 350-401: PIM Sparse Mode, SSM, and IGMP
IP multicast is designed for one-to-many delivery without forcing the sender to transmit a separate copy of the same stream to every receiver. That efficiency […]
Cisco 350-401: SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN for Packet Mirroring
When interface counters and logs are not enough, packet analysis can show exactly what crossed a network device. Cisco SPAN technologies copy selected traffic to […]
Cisco 300-415: How OMP, TLOCs, and BFD Work in Cisco SD-WAN
Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN separates route distribution from transport health. Overlay Management Protocol, or OMP, distributes reachability and policy information. Transport Locations, or TLOCs, identify the […]
Cisco 300-415: SD-WAN Control Policy vs Data Policy
Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN centralizes policy, but not every policy changes the same part of the network. A centralized control policy changes routing information and topology […]